View source for Smart Cities - First lesson in Python

== Overview ==
* The Python programming language is one of the most universal computer languages used today. 
* The makers of the Raspberry Pi though so highly of the language that the name “Pi” was named after Python. 
* It is an easy language to learn and will help us to write programs to collect and process data from environmental sensors. 
* We will be using the latest version of Python, which is Python3 (Python 3.7.3).

== Learning Objectives ==
* Learn how to install the Python3 Integrated Development and Learning Environment (IDLE3).
* Run python3 code in the Python Shell Window

== Installing Python3 IDLE ==

* To make programming in Python3 easier we will be using an Integrated Development and Learning Environment (IDLE). * There are many different development environments available for Python. 
* Other common environments include: Thonny, PyCharm and iPython.

* In this example we will install the Python3 IDLE using the Terminal on the Raspberry Pi. 
* When we need to install programs on the Raspberry Pi we always use the Terminal. 
* To install software, we use an application manager called apt. 

=== Installing Python3 IDLE ===
* Open the '''Terminal''' on the Raspberry Pi
* Update our existing software libraries by entering the command '''sudo apt-get update'''
* We always need to update our software libraries before we install new software. 
* This because software sometimes needs other software to help make it work. 
* The additional software components are called dependencies. 
* If we install an older version of the software, some of the dependencies may have changed and this could make our program run erratically.

[[File:Screen Shot 2021-12-21 at 9.12.03 pm.png]]

* Now we can install the idle3 software by entering the command '''sudo apt-get install idle3'''
* If the software is already installed (as in the example below) the Terminal will tell you.

[[File:Screen Shot 2021-12-21 at 9.14.01 pm.png]]

* If you don’t know what software to install or if the software exists, you can search for software in the library by entering the command '''sudo apt-cache search idle3'''
* If you are interested in installing a game of chess you could enter the command sudo apt-cache search chess or use the wildcard symbol * to expand your search, '''sudo apt-cache search chess*'''

[[File:Screen Shot 2021-12-21 at 9.15.40 pm.png]]

* If the installation of Python3 IDLE has worked correctly you should see the Python3 software link appear in the main Raspberry Pi menu under '''Programming'''.

[[File:Screen Shot 2021-12-21 at 9.16.39 pm.png]]

== Using the python shell to enter code ==

* The Python3 Integrated Development and Learning Environment (IDLE) is a common environment for most programming languages. 
* Sometimes it is shortened to IDE (Integrated Development Environment). 
* These interfaces make editing and running programs easier. Python3 IDLE is very simple and easy to use and it was the first environment installed on the Raspberry Pi for learning Python.

* In this example, we will start using the '''Shell Window'''. 
* The Shell Window allows single Python instructions (or small instruction sets) to be entered and tested. 
* We will run through a few examples.

=== Explore the Python Shell Window and the Python Language ===
* Go to the Python3 IDLE icon in the '''Raspberry Pi > Programming''' menu and open '''IDLE3'''.
* The program will open to the Shell Window.

[[File:Screen Shot 2021-12-21 at 9.18.31 pm.png]]

* We can now start to enter python language instructions directly in the Shell Window.
* Let’s start with some simple arithmetic instructions. Type in '''1 + 3''' and press Enter. 
* Try some other operations.

[[File:Screen Shot 2021-12-21 at 9.20.16 pm.png]]

* More complex maths will require some special instructions and the import of additional libraries. 
* We will cover this in future lessons.


=== Printing Words, Text and Strings ===
* In addition to numbers, we can also print out words and text.
* To make python print out text you enter the command '''print(“Hello”)'''
* In the older days when there were no computer monitors, all output from computers went to printers. 
* This legacy continues today, and when we want to display the output from a computer, we use the '''print''' statement.
* To tell a computer that we are working with text we need to include the text in quotation marks '''“Hello”'''.
* Another way we refer to words or text in computer languages, is to call them '''Strings'''. 
* Computers manipulate the characters in a word or sentence like beads threaded on a string. Hence the term String.

[[File:Screen Shot 2021-12-21 at 9.22.26 pm.png]]

* Comments or addition information that does not require students to do anything. E.g. “This may take several moments to load

=== Working with Variables ===
* Computer programming languages can also manipulate variables.
* Variables are a bit like the variables we use in algebra.
* Variables can represent numbers, text and other entities.
* Let’s start with some simple numerical variables.
* Enter '''a = 7''' and '''b = 3'''
* This will '''assign''' the number 7 to the variable name a.
* It will also assign the number 3 to the variable name b.
* Finally, just like in algebra, we can add two variables together. In this case '''a + b''' equals 10.

[[File:Screen Shot 2021-12-21 at 9.24.53 pm.png]]

* We can also use variables to hold text or Strings.
* Enter '''name = “Sarah”'''
* To print out the value held in the variable name we use the print statement.
* Enter '''print(name)''' – this will print out the value currently held in the variable called name.
* We can also add some additional text within the print statement to make the output more readable.

* Two variations are shown.
** '''print(“My name is “ + name)'''. This statement adds two Strings together using the plus '''“+”''' symbol
** '''print(“My name is “, name)'''. This statement uses a special feature of the print statement. 
* Strings and variables are separated by a comma.

[[File:Screen Shot 2021-12-21 at 9.26.52 pm.png]]

* One of the reasons we use variable to hold values is because these values may change.
* If we enter '''name = “Donny”''' and then enter '''print(name)''' we will see that “Sarah” has been replaced with “Donny”

[[File:Screen Shot 2021-12-21 at 9.27.59 pm.png]]

=== For loops in Python ===
* Sometimes you need to repeat a certain operation a specific number of times within a program.
* To do this we use loops.
* One such loop operation is called a '''For Loop'''.
* In this example we will create a For Loop that will repeat itself five times.
* Enter the following code and observe the result.

[[File:Screen Shot 2021-12-21 at 9.34.19 pm.png]]

* This '''For Loop''' will repeat 5 times because the '''range''' is set to '''5'''.
* We can tell what code is within the loop structure because the code is indented 4 spaces within the loop.
* The only code within the loop is the '''print(“A”)''' statement.

=== For loop with variables ===
* When we declare a '''for loop''' we always include a variable.
* In the '''for loop''' example above the variable name was i
* The '''variable i''' gives us a running count of the number of times we have looped.
* Enter the following example:

[[File:Screen Shot 2021-12-21 at 9.37.49 pm.png]]

* In this example we are printing the value within the variable i with each loop iteration.
* You can see that the count starts at '''zero''' and continues up to the number '''four'''.
* This is because computers always start counting from zero, not 1.
* We can make the loops more human readable with the following print statement. 

[[File:Screen Shot 2021-12-21 at 9.46.22 pm.png]]

* In this example we are using a special print statement 
** text or '''String''' in quotation marks
** comma
** numerical values contained in '''variable i'''
* If we try to print both a String and a numerical value together we get an error.

[[File:Screen Shot 2021-12-21 at 9.48.51 pm.png]]

* To get around this problem we need to use an inbuilt function within python called '''str()'''
* The '''str() function''' will convert a number (or integer) into a String. 
* Then we can add '''“+”''' two Strings within the one print statement.
* Enter the following example code. 
* By putting the variable i inside the '''str(i)''' function, we convert it to a String.

[[File:Screen Shot 2021-12-21 at 10.09.07 pm.png]]

=== Times Tables with For Loops ===
* We can do simple times tables examples using for loops.
* Let’s try an example using the five times tables.
* Enter the following code. 
* Note that with computer languages the mathematical symbol for '''times (x)''' is actually an '''Asterix (*)'''.

[[File:Screen Shot 2021-12-21 at 10.11.53 pm.png]]

* Notice that in this example we do have the makings of the 5 times tables, except that we normally start counting from 1, not zero.
* To fix this we can nominate that the starting value of the count should be 1.
* Unfortunately, we also need to state the ending value. 
* The ending value needs to be final number + 1. 
* So, if we need to end at the number 10, we need to enter 11. 
* The final range will be '''range(1, 11)''' which will deliver integer values from '''1 to 10''' as outputs.
* See the following example for clarity.

[[File:Screen Shot 2021-12-21 at 10.14.05 pm.png]]

* To make the output more human readable we are going to have to convert some of the numerical outputs to Strings so that we can add them together (also called '''concatenate''') to make a larger String.
* Enter the following code to display the '''Five Times tables''' in a readable form.

[[File:Screen Shot 2021-12-21 at 10.17.00 pm.png]]

* In this example we had to do the following operations in the print statement:
** '''str(i)''' – convert the integer in the variable i to a String using the str() function
** '''str(i * 5)''' – convert the result of i * 5 to a String using the str() function
** Add all the Strings together (concatenate) using the '''“+”''' symbol
* Try to do another example from the Times Tables. 
** Extend the Times Tables from 1 to 12
** Add a variable name for an item you are multiplying, eg. thing = “eggs”
** Answers below!

[[File:Screen Shot 2021-12-22 at 5.16.10 pm.png]]

== Using the editor window in Python3 idle ==
* Up to now we have only been using the Python3 IDLE '''Shell Window'''. 
* This allows us to enter simple statements and execute them. 
* To write longer programs we need to use the '''Editor Window'''. 
* The Editor Window allows us to write long programs, edit the programs more easily and save our programs.

=== Opening an Editor Window ===
* To open an '''Editor Window''', click on the File Menu in the Python Shell and select '''New File'''. 

[[File:Screen Shot 2021-12-22 at 5.21.01 pm.png]]

* This will open an untitled document which is the Editor Window.
* To make things easier to see you can resize the Shell and Editor Windows so that they sit side by side.

[[File:Screen Shot 2021-12-22 at 5.22.23 pm.png]]

* When the Editor Window opens the default file is untitled. The computer is really prompting us to save our file and give it a name. 

=== Saving a File in the Editor Window ===
* To save a file in the Editor Window, select the File Menu and select Save As.
* Choose a suitable directory and file name for your new file.

[[File:Screen Shot 2021-12-22 at 8.29.34 pm.png]]

* In this example, the file is saved in the botanica-park-lake directory, and the file name is testPython.py
* You don’t need to add the '''.py file extension'''. It will be added automatically.
* A file extension gives the computer some information about the application needed to run the file.

[[File:Screen Shot 2021-12-22 at 8.31.11 pm.png]]

=== Running a File from the Editor Window ===
* Let’s write a small program in the Editor Window and then '''Run''' it.
* Enter the following code:

[[File:Screen Shot 2021-12-22 at 8.32.18 pm.png]]

* Save this code using the '''File''' Dropdown Menu in the Editor Window and select '''Save'''.
* To Run the file use the '''Run''' Dropdown and select '''Run Module'''.
* You always need to Save your program before running it.
* The output of your program will be director to the '''Shell Window'''.
* Congratulations. Now you can now write, edit and run more complex Python programs.